Whether It Really Helped Less-Developed Nations To Get Its Share In Essay

Whether It Really Helped Less-Developed Nations To Get Its Share In The International Trade - Essay Example Further there has been substantial reduction in average tariffs as evidenced by industrial nations under the auspices of the GATT that has minimised their average tariff to just 4.5% as of today from that of 15% in 1947.( Subramanian & Wei 2003:3). WTO is regarded to be an international organisation and not just an association of Western trading countries. It is a genuine multilateral organisation with official legal standing as a global institution and official diplomatic standing for its secretariat. Its exhaustive rules and its binding nature and automatic dispute settlement system that would confer it as one of the most lawful global organisations in the globe. WTO’s rules were flaunted as covering â€Å"international commerce† interpreted more widely than in the past, and it is not only dealing in trade in goods unlike its predecessor GATT but also covers the trade in services , investment , intellectual property , environmental and other economic issues now. WTO rules were chiefly of laissez-faire, assuring to enhance social welfare, standards of living and gross domestic product internationally and in each member nation. (Barton et al. 2006). According to Kee et al (2009), concrete evidence is available that there is a surge in national income through international trade. Many earlier research studies have found that nations that are more open seem to be prosperous. Romer (1999) study found that between 105 nations in 1985, there had been increased trade over GDP ratio that augments income per capita. Recent research by Chang et al, (2009) and Freund & Bolaky (2009) also confirm the earlier findings that trade liberalisation enhance the income of nations. (Vijil 2011:2). However, developing countries are vehemently denying that their economies never enjoyed any benefits due to trade liberalisation. Despite of WTO liberalisation, rich nations are still dominating the trade by offering subsidiaries to their farmers and for certain products. Thus ,this research essay will study in detail whether GATTS AND WTO- really helped less-developed nations to get its share in the international trade or not. WTO AND ITS IMPACT ON INTE RNATIONAL TRADE Immediately, after the Second World War, there had been rapid development of international commerce due to industrial revolution, and this has been a chief instrument to the ever increasing internationalisation of global economy. In the post-1945 era, international commerce has attained a rapid growth which is estimated at more than twice the rate of economic growth especially from the 1980s onwards, pushed by multilateral relaxation under consecutive General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which is famously known as GATT Rounds of trade negotiations. (Perdikis & Read 2005:1). A significant outcome to ever increasing freeing of international trade is that it is carried over as per the acknowledged rules framed under the aegis of the GATT and later the WTO (the World Trade Organisations). Both GATTS and WTO have a built in system to deal with international business disputes emanating between Member nations and to implement the accepted rules in an unbiased manner. (Pe rdikis & Read 2005:1). International trade was at its puppetry stage in the late 1980s due to the absence of dispute settlement mechanisms to find solutions to trade disputes. Further, liberalisation of trade is possible due to the extension of most-favoured nations (MFN) status to all

The microeconomics of the Video game industry Essay Example for Free

The microeconomics of the Video game industry Essay The Microeconomics of the Video Game Industry Video games have been around for years with many different types of consoles and games. The video game industry has grown into a $20 billion dollar industry over the past ten years, and it only shows signs of growing larger in the years to come. In the United States alone, the market has grown considerably where 60% of all Americans play video games, 40% are women, and 60% of all gamers are between the ages of 25 through 44 years old (games-advertising. com). According to an article on Gamespot. com, analysts estimate that the video game category will have about 50 to 55 more square feet of shelve space in Best Buy by the year 2007. The video game market is an oligopoly with only a few companies competing within the market. The Big Three companies in the video game industrys oligopoly are Microsoft, Nintendo, and Sony. Microsofts Xbox 360, Nintendos Wii, and Sonys Playstation 3 all sell similar products and contend for consumers dollars. Each firm closely watches the moves of the other companies when considering pricing, technology, and marketing of the games. They also compete with each other to gain exclusive licenses to game software so they can offer console exclusive games. Price wars are common in the video game industry. In the United States, Microsofts Xbox 360 premium edition was released at $399. 99 in November 2005. Sony recently launched their Playstation 3 at a price of $599. 99. Nintendo released their system, Wii, at the low price of $249. 99. In addition, Microsoft and Sony are selling their video games for $60 while Nintendo is selling their video games for $50. Nintendo definitely has the advantage in the video game industrys price wars. In the video game industry, the demand is usually high, but the supply is low, which creates a shortage. This happens during the launch of new consoles. For example, when Microsofts Xbox 360 was to be released on November 22, 2005, they only had a limited number per store. The total number of consoles released in North America that day was 400,000 units. Stores immediately sold out the day the Xbox 360 came out. According to Wikipedia. org, Microsoft was not able to supply enough systems to meet initial consumer demand in Europe or North America. Many potential customers were not able to purchase a console at launch and the lack of availability led to Xbox 360 bundles selling on eBay at grossly inflated prices, with some auctions exceeding $6,000. It was reported that 40,000 units appeared on eBay during the initial month of release, which would mean that 10% of the total supply was resold. By years end, Microsoft had sold 1. 5 million units; including 900,000 in North America, 500,000 in Europe, and 100,000 in Japan. Another example of this tactic being used is with the release of Nintendos Wii. A total of four million Wii consoles were to be released worldwide with the majority of that number going to North America alone. On November 19 of this year, the consoles sold out immediately. Some stores passed out cards for the console to people who were in line the night before. Circuit City had people camping out early in the day, but gave out tickets to people later in the evening. They even had a sign that stated they only had thirty Nintendo Wiis, yet people were still hopeful and stubbornly stood in line. Sonys Playstation 3 was released on November 17, 2006 with an even shorter supply than the Nintendo Wii; some consumers camped outside of the stores for days to get a console. The demands for these consoles were at a high. Sony also only had 400,000 consoles at launch (telegraph. co. uk). The consoles sold out only minutes after its launch (statesman. com). It is important to mention that the video game industry is an example of a razor and blades business model. This means that the companies take a loss on their consoles and make up for the loss with a profit on their video games and game accessories (Wikipedia. org). For example, Microsoft invested 4 billion dollars into their first console, the Xbox in 2000. Microsoft knew that they were not going to be profitable until at least three years, but they did not make a profit until after 5 years. They did not make this profit until the release of their exclusive game, Halo2, released in December of 2005 (Wikipedia. org). The video game industry can also be sited for having a direct relationship with other industries. As stated at ESA. com, about $73 million in high definition television sales (HDTV) can be directly attributed to sales of the Xbox 360 game console. Microsoft does not own any HDTV manufacturing companies, but they do spur the sales of these companies. On the other hand, Sony is using Blu-ray technology in their Playstation 3 because they are one of the nine founders of the Blu-ray Disk Association and are trying to promote Blu-ray technology (Wikipedia.org). Video game software is also being utilized in the medical and defense fields to simulate the conditions for training purposes (ESA. com). The Video game industry has had a major impact on the economy of the United States. The industry is constantly growing and shows signs of major growth in the future. The industry is always changing and is very dynamic. Nevertheless, the competition in this industry is always interesting to watch. Works Cited Blu-ray Disc Association 23 Nov. 2006 Gaming Demographics: Gaming is An Adult Thing. Games-Advertising Feldman, Curt. Game Drives Growth, New Retail Strategy. GameSpot News 16 Jun. 2005 Razor and blades business model 17 Nov. 2006 The economics of a video game craze 17 Nov. 2006 Xbox 19 Nov. 2006 Xbox 360 21 Nov. 2006 Xbox 360 launch down to 400,000 units? 8 Nov. 2005 http://www. joystiq. com/2005/11/08/xbox-360-launch-down-to-400-000-units/ Violence erupts as video game war is declared with US release of PS3 18 Nov. 2006 Video Games: Serious Business for Americas Economy.

Albert Einstein :: essays research papers

Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Germany. Further to this, his parents initially believed him to be somewhat backward as he was late in starting to talk. Einstein was noted for saying that he waited until he could speak in complete sentences before he would say a word. He entered school at the age of six and to his parents surprise, he did very well. Albert did not mix well with other students, often preferring to play his own private games or reading books; he never liked school. At the age of 12 he was given a book on geometry, from that point on he taught himself anything he wanted to learn. "In 1905 Einstein received his doctorate from the University of Zurich for a theoretical dissertation on the Dimensions of Molecules, and he also published three theoretical papers important to the development of 20th century physics." (http://www.physics.gla.ac.uk/introPhy/Famous/ei†¦n/einstein.html) The first of these, on Brownian Motion, made significant predictions about the motion of particles that are randomly distributed in a fluid. This theory was later proven by experiment. The second paper, on the Photoelectric Effect, presented a hypothesis on the Nature of light. He not only proposed that under certain circumstances light can be considered as consisting of particles, but also stated that the energy carried by a photon is proportional to the frequency of the radiation. No one accepted this theory, even Robert Millikan was overwhelmed when Einstein prove this theory to be correct. "In 1915 Einstein published his third paper on the General theory of Relativity, his theory of Gravity."(http://www.humboldt.com/~gralsto/einstein/einstein.html) In this theory Einstein made his statement on equivalence, in which it’s impossible to distinguish between whether the force acting on a body is caused by the body accelerating or whether it’s gravity. For example, if you were weightless inside a lift in outer space and you then feel a force pulling your feet to the floor you can’t distinguish whether the lift is accelerating upwards, or whether there is a large volume of matter below causing the attraction. "The General Theory of Relativity describes gravity as being the result of a four-dimensional continuum (space-time) and that matter produces curves in this space-time with the measure of the curvature being a measure of the strength of gravity. In this perspective, bodies of matter follow the path of ‘shortest distance or least resistance’ and hence in the case of curved space-time around a star a planetary body would follow a ‘circular/elliptical’ orbit. Einstein’s theory was able to explain anomalies in the Mercury’s orbit which had eluded explanation from Newton’s Laws.

House Bunny Movie Review Essay

In the film House Bunny, a 27-year-old girl, Shelley Darlingson, played by Anna Farris, finds herself tricked out of the Playboy Mansion by another bunny for being too old. Shelley winds up at the University of Southern California and becomes the house mother in a very poorly kept sorority house, Zeta Tau Alpha, consisting of six socially awkward girls. After gaining the girls’ trust by showing them she is nice and can attract boys, she does her best to turn the ZTA girls around to be popular beautiful young ladies who are ‘better’ than the other sorority girls. However, the changing of personalities goes too far and the girls realize they’ve changed for the wrong reasons and begin to judge everyone. During the time Shelley is being blamed, she receives a call about how ‘being too old’ was a lie to get rid of her. When expecting Shelley to immediately drop everything and return to the Mansion, she decides to stay the hose mother of the Zetas. U sing this movie I plan on analyzing the movie through different scenes of the typical activities of the sorority girls on campus and comparing them to how college life is today and what could be done differently. Throughout House Bunny, a constant rival goes on between Phi Iota Mu and Zeta Tau Alpha. When Zeta, a now popular sorority, throws a mixer party the same night as popular PIM, all of the girls going through rush and all of the fraternity boys enjoy their evening at Zeta instead of PIM. Girls are initiated at the party through ‘sacrificial rights’ because they still have their virginity, music is played for everyone to dance to, and everyone enjoys their nights. These girls are focused on looking good now and being popular. Girls are very similar but a little different today. In today’s society in the typical college experience, girls are not initiated in this way and girls do not throw the parties. The girls, instead of throwing their own parties, get all dressed up and head out to other fraternities to listen to music, drink and get together with different guys. Several girls nowadays waste their time and throw away their good morals every weekend, when they coul d be choosing better alternatives such as a staying in for the weekend or at least one night and study or relax with some friends. Time management and studying are two of the hardest strategies to master as a college student. Unfortunately when we have free time we cling to more fun activities at all times and then get caught up later when it is the last possible second to do homework and we realize we should have been working on homework rather than partying. Studying is not the most fun activity nor does it sound better than going out with friends to drink or participate in crazy college activities; however, everyone has to do it eventually and it would just be easier if you studied a little every free moment and then you would have more free time later. You would be more successful if you thought about every possible outcome of each choice clearly before doing anything. In the movie, after the Zeta girls become popular and look prettier, thanks to Shelley, they set up a tent at the involvement fair. All of the students rush towards their tent because they have food, games, and calendars of the girls looking t heir best. The Zetas are getting more involved around the campus, as students should, but through popularity not service. From this popularity the Zetas go downhill from there and turn into the popular rude crowd to those who do not ‘belong.’ The Zeta’s stopped being who they were before Shelley became the house mother, the smart, nerdy, different crowd, and became the jerks who judged people off appearances. When trying to decide on bids for their house, they talked about how they had seen one of the girls before and thought they were weird and shouldn’t be allowed in their house. The Zeta’s stopped focusing on academics and their true personalities and tried to change for the ‘better’ when it was clearly for the worse. Involvement is a key to surviving in college. You should get involved to make new friends, find others like yourself, develop study groups, and stress-reliever outlet clubs. However, when you try to be involved with the rest of the campus through primarily popularity and parties, you are getting ‘involved’ in all of the wrong ways. Instead of changing to be the popular crowd by looking hot and becoming a preppy jerk to ‘fit in,’ just express yourself more and get out in the real world to try and make more meaningful friendships that could last a lifetime. If people could be more accepting and friendly instead of being quick to judge, everyone would have more friends and the world would be a better place. Acceptance is one of the biggest problems especially at a college where if you aren’t accepted you just hide from everyone and get discouraged. Everyone as a whole should work to be more accepting of others for who they are. I am not saying everyone has to like everyone else, but I am saying at least give everyone else a chance to shine and join the group. When a smart nerdy group of socially unaccepted girls get a new playhouse bunny house mother they turn into a stereotypical group of rude sorority girls who just want everyone to be in their house so they can be more popular as long as they are ‘normal.’ If people took the time to accept everyone and give everyone a chance, people would have more friends and not be as nervous to try to make new friends. Getting involved on campus is smart as long as you are getting involved in the right ways with the right group of people so you can make a difference in your community. Getting involved also has advantages, because it can help manage time and studying habits or even study groups. Involvement in the college community is smart so good grades can be attained, meaning better opportunities later. Managing your time and taking the time to study receives full benefits later, as well. College is not easy, especially when coming in as a freshman new to the whole idea of college. However, college can be enjoyed and mastered if you try to get involved, study more, accepts more people for who they are, and manage your time to the best of your ability. Works Cited The House Bunny. Dir. Fred Wolf. By Karen M. Lutz and Kirsten Smith. Perf. Anna Faris, Colin Hanks, Emma Stone, Kat Dennings, Hugh Hefner, and Tyson Ritter. Columbia Pictures, 2008. DVD.

Factor Which Influence the Decisions of News Editors Essay

Upgrading the news become a popular habit for not only young people but also old people. All the bad or good information on TV and newspaper will be decided by the new editors. There are two factors which influence on this decision are the kind of customers and attraction of news. Obviously, the sort of people who read news is the most important factor because before launching a new, the authors always think about who will read or watch it. It depends on the age, the hobbies and the characters of audiences or readers. In fact, teenagers and elders keen on different news. The old people like knowing about the politic, the murder and so on whereas teenagers find it so appealing to all about the well-known actors, actress or singers. Another factor is whether the readers or audiences will be interested in the news or not. It relies on the reality and the famous level of people whose news is on TV or newspapers. Moreover, the editors have to update faster what is happening around the world every day, even an hour ago, they can catch attention of readers and audiences better. In practical, although many people critic the bad news, it attract them rather than the good news. Then, becoming used to bad news is a common thing because everybody have a sense of curiosity of bad news. Some editors take this advantage to make more money of course. Fortunately, it would be better if more good news is reported to avoid the overabundance of bad news. By the aid of the editors, bad news result in the negative effects to not only the well-know people but also the readers, audiences, especially the young people. The reason for that is with the developing psycho, bad news influence them in a bad way. Thus, good news will help them to perfect their characters and their thought. To sum up, two main factor which influence the decisions of news editors are the types of customer and the appealability of the news. However, people should distinguish between good news and bad news to choose the most appropriate information.

Education in Texas

Education in Texas Despite the fact that more students are likely to pursue higher education now, unlike ten years ago, the attainment of higher education credentials in Texas is still low.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Education in Texas specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Out of 883, 260 public school students in 8th grade, only 19.9% of these (175, 489) attained a certificate or degree program (National Center for Higher Education Management Systems report (NCHEMS), 2012. p. 2). Completion of education at this point is unlikely, and only slight improvements have been realized. This is likely to take a great toll on the American economy because there will be no qualified workers to compete in the global workforce (The National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education (NCPPHE), 2008). The poor higher education credential patterns have prompted the need to establish student characteristics because they may be influential factors. In comparison to the national trends in the pursuance of tertiary education, Texas is performing poorly. As a matter of fact, individuals will prefer to be enrolled in college in outside states, for example, Massachusetts, than in Texas (NCPPHE, 2008). Only one in five students that complete their eighth grade complete postsecondary education in 11 years (NCHEMS, 2012). More female students than male students enroll for postsecondary education (10% higher), but more male students than female students complete postsecondary education (NCHEMS, 2012, p. 4). Statistical reports for female progression in colleges in Texas versus the nation are 7.8% and 5.5%, respectively (NCHEMS, 2012, p. 7). Despite the fact that Texas performs well in relation to more females enrolling in higher education, the converse is the case for overall education credential as shown in the figure below.Advertising Looking for report on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure obtained from NCHEMS (2012, p. 7) In Texas, enrollment in postsecondary institutions starts after 8th grade. Enrollment can be in a private or public college/university because these are the available postsecondary institutions. A high school diploma is not essential for one to enroll in postsecondary education. In a report by the National Center for Education Statistics (2010, p. 5), Texas was among those states with the highest number of Hispanics (36-45%). Given the wide disparities between enrollment and completion of postsecondary education among the white students (majority group) and minority groups, the high population of the minority population in Texas justifies the poor performance of education in Texas (NCHEMS, 2012). Despite disparities in data over time, Texas and Florida, perform poorly in collegiate graduation rates across all races and ethnicities in comparison with the nation (NCHEMS, 2012). It is the city with the largest p opulation in Texas, and attainment of education at tertiary institutions in Houston is equally low. In comparison with national data, higher education attainment rates in Texas based on race and ethnicity are lower (NCHEMS, 2012, p. 7).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Education in Texas specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the fact that the data presented are irrefutable, I somewhat tend to disagree with the grade (C-) given to Texas in completion of higher education due to the inconsistencies in data generation (NCPPHE, 2008, p. 18). The current databases may not be comprehensive because records may not exhaust all data, and especially, from private and proprietary education institutions. I can only hope that the situation improves given the fact that Texas is trying hard to invest in education and encourage more students to acquire postsecondary school credentials. The characteristics of students in todayâ₠¬â„¢s world are very different from those of students in earlier times. The world has become a global village with highly defined technology. Therefore, students are more competitive as each tries to establish his or her path of success, and lack of proper education to college/university means that one is not able to survive in the competitive world. Houston, Texas is well known for its thriving economy. However the same cannot be said about its education system in relation to the pursuance of tertiary education. In comparison to colonial times when education was not reinforced and was purely targeted at particular students in the preparation for high office jobs, students nowadays are all aware of the importance of education. The success in the current world is largely pegged on employment in high-paying jobs, and education is its fundamental component.Advertising Looking for report on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). (2010). Status and Trends in the Education of Racial and Ethnic Groups. Web. National Center for Higher Education Management Systems (NCHEMS). (2012). A New Measure of Educational Success in Texas: Tracking the Success of 8th Graders into and through College. Web. National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education (NCPPHE). (2008). Measuring Up 2008: The National Report Card on Higher Education. Web.

Bill of Rights Essay Essays - James Madison, Free Essays

Bill of Rights Essay Essays - James Madison, Free Essays Bill of Rights Essay As you know, the first ten amendments to the Constitution are known as the Bill of Rights. Even though the Bill of Rights was written over two hundred years ago, these amendments continue to have a direct impact on our daily lives. These ten amendments guarantee many of our rights as citizens of the United States, including the basic First Amendment rights of freedom of religion, speech, press, peaceable assembly, and petition for redress of grievances. Although all ten of the amendments in the Bill of Rights are important to citizens, you will write a multi-paragraph, thesis-controlled essay discussing the three *amendments which you consider to be the most important. *For amendments which include a number of aspects (such as the First, Fifth, and Sixth), focus on a single aspect of the amendment. You may choose to research one or more aspects the First, Fifth or Sixth if you would like. For instance, you could possibly write your research essay on just the First but addressing three different aspects. Include in your introduction: An attention grabber/hook Describe the purpose of the Constitution (see notes) Define social contract (see notes) Explain the purpose of the inclusion of the Bill of Rights in the Constitution (see notes) A thesis statement which lists and explains the amendments which you will discuss Include in each body paragraph: A clear topic sentence stating the amendment/aspect which you will discuss in the paragraph. An explanation of what the amendment means to the common citizen. (What may citizens do or what are citizens protected from due to the amendment?) An explanation of why this amendment is so important to citizens. (What is the government prevented from doing to citizens and/or what must the government protect citizens from due to the amendment?) An explanation/summary of at least one court case per amendment or aspect of the amendment including the ruling (verdict) and an explanation of how the ruling was important in interpreting the amendment/aspect. Did the ruling help citizens understand any better or clarify the amendment/aspect for certain groups, etc. (The significance/impacts/further understanding of the amendment/aspect is your analysis.) Requirements Students may earn up to an A+ if they meet the following requirements: use a minimum of six to eight sources; four of them must be primary; students must use a variety of different types of sources such as websites, books, pamphlets, journal articles/newspaper articles, documents, reference books (encyclopedias) court case transcripts and interviews. demonstrate originality and thorough analysis throughout the project. provide a MLA style annotated bibliography of all sources used. write a multi-paragraph, thesis-driven paper, and in MLA format. write at least three body paragraphs plus the introductory and concluding paragraphs. choose at least three amendments/aspects. use at least two different cases for two of your amendments/aspects. That means two of your three body paragraph will have two cases per paragraph, and one will have one case. Students may earn up to a B+ if they meet the following requirements: use a minimum of five sources ; three of them must be primary; students must use a variety of different types of sources such as websites , books, pamphlets, journal articles/newspaper articles, documents, reference books (encyclopedias) court case transcripts and interviews. demonstrate originality and analysis throughout the project. provide a MLA style annotated bibliography of all sources used. write a multi-paragraph , thesis-driven paper , and in MLA format. write three body paragraphs plus the introductory and concluding paragraphs. choose three amendments/aspects. use at least one court case per amendment/aspect. Students may earn up to a C+ if they meet the following requirements: use a minimum of three sources ; one of them must be primary; students must use a at least two diffe re nt types of sources such as websites, books, pamphlets, journal articles/newspaper articles, documents, reference books (encyclopedias) court case transcripts and interviews. demonstrate the ability to supply a minimal level of analysis throughout the project. provide a MLA style annotated bibliography of all sources used. write a multi-paragraph , thesis-driven paper , and in MLA format. write two body paragraphs plus the introductory and concluding paragraphs. use one court case per amendment/aspect. Here is the breakdown: Requirement A paper B paper C paper

How to Write an Editorial Essay

How to Write an Editorial Essay Useful Tips to Write an Editorial Unlike typical research essays, editorial seems to be a more difficult assignment. It contains some pieces of journalistic work. A few authors can really boast such skills as well as the ability to share opinions that will find readers’ support. Writing editorial is not just describing some news. It is about delivering the topic your readers expect to get. Editorial is about sharing the opinion that may have high value in concerns of a chosen topic. Sounds pretty tough, right? Have no worries! Our list of useful editorial writing tips from Tutoriage will come in handy. Select a Worthy Topic The first step is always the most difficult one. When it comes to editorials, your mission is to choose the most newsworthy topic that will definitely hit the headlines. Not only should your story be newsworthy but also relevant to the audience that will read your paper. Avoid using out-of-date topics and choose ideas related to some recent events or actions. Keep an eye on the relevancy of the topic as the main aspect of your future paper. Identify all pieces of information you want to present. Whether it is going to be statistics, charts, survey results, etc.   Make sure your readers would be eager to get in touch with those pieces of information. Look Into the Topic You need to be a proven expert when it comes to describing the topic. Make sure you have learned each and every aspect of it. Try to identify all possible sides of the topic no matter if they are true or false. You can use those sides to promote your personal point of view as well as support arguments and evidence. Avoid choosing any side. Journalists are supposed to be somewhere between all of the sides although giving respect for the truth. Build the Opinion After you have explored the topic, you need to construct your own opinion. It should be based on all the information you managed to generate and gather. Make sure you have a clear understanding of the difference between valid and invalid opinion. It will let you choose better arguments that will look more persuasive for the reader. Construct an Outline Now you need a clear plan for your paper. The next stage is to design a proper outline featuring all aspects of your paper divided into paragraphs. Indicate paragraphs containing quotes, stats and other information that depicts the core issues of the topic. Develop a plan that has all necessary components structured in a logical outline with comprehensive coherences. Edit and Double-Check Avoid the slightest grammar and punctuation mistakes. Otherwise, your paper will be nothing but an epic fail. Ask friends and relatives to read your editorial. Detect and eliminate all possible content malfunctions and establish a proper writing style that refers specifically to this type of academic assignment. Now, let the world hear your story!

African Culture and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

African Culture and Development - Essay Example A cultural aspect that has led to growth and development in Africa is the culture through which many African conflicts resolve their conflicts. The African culture is one that promotes peaceful and participatory dialogues in solution issues. When families and relatives disagree, most African countries opt for out-for-court settlement (Wanda 9). A council of elders is usually assembled to address the issue at hand and provide solutions. This council of elders is selected from among the wisest and intelligent of men in the society, who have shown incredible records of peace-keeping and have been exemplary leaders in their families. When a man portrays such characteristics, they can be bestowed with the responsibility of executing ideas and passing judgments that are fair and unbiased (Vakunta 30). The men are also the custodians of the societal law and traditions and hence, they are symbols of leadership. Similarly, many African countries have extended this cultural practice to governa nce and leadership. The leaders who are chosen in the countries are expected to uphold and respect the law and to remain transparent and accountable to the people. An example of a country that has greatly adhered to this is Rwanda, which is keen to prevent a repeat of the genocide that claimed over 100,000 people in a genocide that only lasted for 100 days! Apt conflict resolution, therefore, has been a great factor towards promoting growth and development of Africa. However, cultural practices have greatly hindered the development of Africa.

Career resear paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Career resear paper - Essay Example Financial condition: The most important characteristic of a company to make it desirable for employees is that it should be financially stable in the long run.. Thus, we need to look at financial health of a company before joining one. Non-financial indicators of company health: Not just the financial health, the non-financial indicators of a company also signify in which direction the company is going. These should be looked at before deciding upon the organization as a prospective employer. Work culture: A positive and healthy work culture is very much desirable in a prospective employer company. By this I mean an organizational culture where only the targets are not the rewarding factor. People involvement: The company should have long term retention policies for the employees and should have a mixture of both cash and non-cash incentives to motivate them. There should be both ways communication between the employers and employees. Training and development: The organization should be able to provide exposure to world class working standards. A globally expanded company can give its employees maximum opportunities to learn from diverse cultures and processes. Equal opportunity provider. The company should provide opportunities to all individuals irrespective of race, color or gender. There should be impartial performance evaluation criteria for rewards and recognition as well promotions. I would like to work for a company which not only helps me meet my financial goals, but also my personal goals. In financial terms the compensation should be at par with the industrial standards. Apart from financial benefits, the employer should also take care of other necessities of their employees like insurance, medical reimbursements etc. My personal goals will be achieved only if I can get the right kind of exposure and be able to learn from my experiences. Apart from this, I would like to be equipped with skills for taking up higher responsibilities through

Acid Mine Drainage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Acid Mine Drainage - Essay Example In such it discusses all the possible avenues with which AMD can emerge and gives in depth analysis with regard to the chemical composition, reaction and eventual production of the AMD. This paper also strives to give in summary different sources of the AMD and the appropriate remedies that can be put into practice to quench the lethal problems associated with AMD. In the same breadth, it discusses the health related problems associated with AMD as well as those of ecological. This paper can be of meaningful help to those who work in the mines and risk contracting the problems linked with the site. When the precautionary measures that are discussed in this paper are stringently followed by the concerned individuals with the appropriate technology and man power, there is no doubt the problem of the AMD will be a thing of the past. 2.0 Introduction Acid mines drainage (AMD) is one of the major environmental threats that comes as a result of extraction of minerals for economic purposes. If these mines are not properly managed, then the exercise of extraction results into a serious environmental menace. Essentially acid mines drainage is a peculiar kind of a wastewater that that results from the continuous processes of weathering as well as leaching of coal and metalliferrous compounds that contain sulphur as an element in them. The various activities of mining for example, strip and underground mining exposes the sulfide (pyrite) and other metallic compounds that incorporate sulphur to a level of oxidation given the availability of oxygen and water. The oxidation process will increase the acidity level i.e. low P.H value, as the value of the P.H decreases, the oxidation process of the metals equally increases increases and this significantly reduces the water quality and culminate into water pollution (Drever 133). The formatio n of the acid mines drainage process can also be facilitated by through biological processes. The microorganism thiobaccillus ferroxidants is an acid tolerant microbe and is known to be associated with acid mines drainage sites as it enhances the oxidation of the compounds that contain sulphur compounds (Drever 147). . The resultant water in the acid mines drainages are very hazardous to health, in that the acidity and the components of water from the mines contain lethal chemicals. As stated above, without the buffering processes of the process, the acidity level will exponentially increase accelerating weathering process and subsequent development and continuation of the acid mines drainages (Drever 151). 3.0 Origin of Acid Mine Drainage Several factors can bring about development of the acid mines drainages, coming into contact between the surface water (oxygenated) with the pyritic ores is one of the ways that largely contribute to the formation of the acid mines drainage. This interaction takes place in three different ways; when the mining processes change the direction of flow of the water pattern to areas endowed with rocks that have been in constant touch with the ground water that is anoxically stagnant (Berner and Berner 98). The other possibility is when the spoils form the pyritic mining is disposed in an area of percolating oxygenated water, and when the pyritic minerals waste materials are directly discharged into the aquatic environment. 4.0 Results The formation of the acid mines drainages results into several environmental degradative processes that are vey detrimental to the survival biological life, in such, measures are always put into place as precautionary obligation to ensure

What and why do americans need the fda What are all the benefits of Research Paper

What and why do americans need the fda What are all the benefits of the FDA PROs of the fda - Research Paper Example FDA is a federal agency headed by a commissioner who is appointed by the President of the US (Whittaker and Walter, The Purpose par. 1). Its precursor agency was the Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration which was reorganized from the Bureau of Chemistry in 1927 (Lee and Sprague, History par. 3). In 1930, the name of the agency was changed to Food and Drug Administration (par. 3). It was said to protect not only the interest of the consumers but also the pharmacology industry due to some complexities that it has encountered in the process of regulation (Jacobs and Carson-Dewitt par. 1). The earliest functions of the FDA were set forth in the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 which was passed after the poisoning of more than a hundred people from a drug sold by a Tennessee-based company (Lee and Sprague, History par. 3). The Act mandated that all drugs should pass the FDA approval before being released into the market (par. 3). Moreover, FDA was required to provide a set of safety standards for food and drugs, and that drugs should contain detailed labels and proper instructions for use (par. 3). Its scope of functions increased with the passage of other laws (e.g. Food Additives Amendment of 1958, Drug Abuse Control Amendments of 1965, 1976 Medical Devices Amendments) (par. 5). One-fourth of all the products in the US market are regulated by FDA as of 2008 (Lee and Sprague, FDA Approvals par. 3). Pharmaceutical firms are allowed by law to advertise their products which may not be accurate since adverts are made to exaggerate in order to convince consumers to buy their products. The FDA has the power to regulate the contents of the advertisements so that only a â€Å"balanced perspective† will be presented to consumers and end-users (DiLascio, FDA Regulations par. 1). Pharmaceuticals firms have also resorted to the DTC strategy in marketing their products. DTC refers to the Direct-to-Consumer approach that tends to reach consumers directly through

Management Information Systems in Cross-Border Shipment Term Paper

Management Information Systems in Cross-Border Shipment - Term Paper Example e in trade in areas where crossing borders is relatively easy and where products are significantly cheaper in one place than another, often because of significant variations in taxation levels on goods. When you talk to a person living in the U.S., they only think of cross-border shipping is between U.S. to Mexico or Canada, in reality that is not the sole case. It actually consists of international flows of trade to other countries. Through all of these transactions across foreign borders there have been regulations on trade to govern both parties involved, basically making it an even playing field. When moving shipments into and out of Canada, what you dont know can hurt you. Specialized logistics providers can help you capitalize on opportunities, ensure compliance, and keep you safe from harm. Canada is currently the United States largest trading partner, with $616 billion in total goods moving between the two countries during 2012, according to the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (Inbound Logistics 2013). But crossing even a peaceful border such as the one between the United States and Canada is growing more complex as regulations mount—some call it the "thickening" of the border (Inbound Logistics 2013). That complexity has many U.S. shippers turning to third-party logistics (3PL) providers, carriers, and customs brokers with the experience and infrastructure to make moving goods into, out of, and within Canada as seamless as possible. Teaming with an expert staff goes a long way in ensuring importers and exporters follow the correct regulations, file the ri ght paperwork, meet deadlines, and entrust cargo to a compliant carrier (Inbound Logistics 2013). Shippers must complete all this preparation at least two hours before a truck arrives at the port or face costly delays and risk extra steps that promise to stall shipments even longer. Efficient border crossing is all about working in advance. Having broken down the issues surrounding the

What and why do americans need the fda What are all the benefits of Research Paper

What and why do americans need the fda What are all the benefits of the FDA PROs of the fda - Research Paper Example FDA is a federal agency headed by a commissioner who is appointed by the President of the US (Whittaker and Walter, The Purpose par. 1). Its precursor agency was the Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration which was reorganized from the Bureau of Chemistry in 1927 (Lee and Sprague, History par. 3). In 1930, the name of the agency was changed to Food and Drug Administration (par. 3). It was said to protect not only the interest of the consumers but also the pharmacology industry due to some complexities that it has encountered in the process of regulation (Jacobs and Carson-Dewitt par. 1). The earliest functions of the FDA were set forth in the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 which was passed after the poisoning of more than a hundred people from a drug sold by a Tennessee-based company (Lee and Sprague, History par. 3). The Act mandated that all drugs should pass the FDA approval before being released into the market (par. 3). Moreover, FDA was required to provide a set of safety standards for food and drugs, and that drugs should contain detailed labels and proper instructions for use (par. 3). Its scope of functions increased with the passage of other laws (e.g. Food Additives Amendment of 1958, Drug Abuse Control Amendments of 1965, 1976 Medical Devices Amendments) (par. 5). One-fourth of all the products in the US market are regulated by FDA as of 2008 (Lee and Sprague, FDA Approvals par. 3). Pharmaceutical firms are allowed by law to advertise their products which may not be accurate since adverts are made to exaggerate in order to convince consumers to buy their products. The FDA has the power to regulate the contents of the advertisements so that only a â€Å"balanced perspective† will be presented to consumers and end-users (DiLascio, FDA Regulations par. 1). Pharmaceuticals firms have also resorted to the DTC strategy in marketing their products. DTC refers to the Direct-to-Consumer approach that tends to reach consumers directly through

Environmental Protection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Environmental Protection - Essay Example European Convention has recognised Human rights as one of the main cornerstones of its existence. "Under the Human Rights Act 1998, UK courts and public bodies are bound to act in accordance with the Convention. There is one exception to this, which that the Convention right to an individual remedy is not transposed. Instead, there are in effect 'collective' remedies, in the sense that legislation can be decreed incompatible with the Convention and fast-tracked through Parliament for reform," Bell, p.78. European human rights law operates at a general level at which usually it mostly outweighs the environmental rights and interests. ECJ has interpreted the right to respect home life (Article 8) and tries to provide remedy against extreme pollution1. Human rights law also have an indirect impact on environmental rights because it provides various freedoms like freedom of expression (Article 10). It gives the right of peaceful assembly (Art 11) and this means it is possible to voice the grievances and protest publicly about environmental degradation. EC on Human Rights protects civil, political freedoms, but has not particularly developed any rights against environmental degradation. Environmental law is comparatively of a very recent origin and has emerged to safeguard the natural environment from the onslaught of human activities that are continuously polluting the earth. Every country has seen that legislation is necessary to protect the natural environment and ecosystems. This is a combination of common law, treaties, negotiated agreements, statutes regulations, precedents, conventions and other governmental policies passed for the purpose. Some of the laws regulate the activity impact on nature like setting levels of pollution. Environmental law does not have a definite boundary of its own. "The potential lack of doctrinal certainty has, in the United Kingdom at least, led to a number of attempts to 'justify' the existence of a coherent subject known as environmental law as a discrete legal subject area," Bell (2006, p.5). Environmental law is a political discipline and political parties mutually never agree on a particular legislation. According to Bell, British approach to pollution control is pragmatic and involves consideration discretion. Environmental law involves economic, social, political, cultural criteria in addition to environmental main thrust and regulatory agencies conduct the political balancing process, not always with great success. "The power to define and enforce consents is ultimately a power to put people out of business, to deter the introduction of new business or to drive away a going concern," (Hawkins, 1984 in Bell, p.14). Most of the laws are preventive in nature. 1960s started the worldwide phenomena of passing environmental laws and now it has become part of sustainable development and the policy thrives on public participation, environmental justice and it imposes fines and in very serious cases, it could punish with imprisonment. The principle here is to prevent, command and control. There are many rights like private rights, public Law Rights, substantive legal rights and human rights involved in the environmental law. The Climate Change Bill published on 13th March 2007 is aimed at low-carbon economy mainly to cut the carbon emissions by 60% before 2050 and if approved, perhaps UK will

French influence in Vietnam in the 19th century Essay Example for Free

French influence in Vietnam in the 19th century Essay In the 19th century, the French had a great influence in Vietnam in different aspects including; culture, religion, ethics, economy, politics and government and nationalistic aspirations of the Vietnamese. The French ruled Vietnam from approximately mid-late 1800s until 1954 when Vietnam defeated the French. According by Edward Terry on the geocities website, the greatest influence in Vietnam was that of religion. Others may think differently, but this essay will explain how all different aspects had an impact on Vietnam and whether or not the French had a good or bad influence in Vietnam. According to the textbook Contested Spaces by Thomas Cantwell, French colonialism had a negative influence on Vietnamese society. The French had a huge impact on the Vietnamese culture. French culture strongly influenced Vietnamese food, language, some architecture etc. The French cuisine had a great influence in Vietnam as you can still find asparagus, white potato and French bread on menus in Vietnam. A Vietnamese breakfast would be a baguette, yogurt and orange juice, which are all typical French items. In the South, the influence was the greatest, so these things are most often found in southern Vietnam. Before the French came, the Vietnamese used Chinese characters but French missionaries introduced the Latin alphabet to replace that. The Vietnamese written language doesnt only use 26 characters like the English language, but many different with different accents. Actual Vietnamese words were hardly influenced by the French and it could be said that in the 19th century, the Vietnamese spoken language sounded just like the Chinese spoken language to people who couldnt tell the difference. Even though the French language didnt have a great impact on the Vietnamese spoken language, many well educated Vietnamese speak French. The French influence in Vietnamese culture wasnt particularly bad or good. Even though, some may argue otherwise. Vietnamese architecture wasnt influenced strongly by the French but in the main cities such as Hanoi there can still be found the remnants of old French buildings. The French occupied the city so the majority of the buildings in the center like government buildings, offices, opera houses and big lodges were all made by the French. As said before, some argue that the biggest influence the French had in Vietnam was that of religion. The Socià ©tà © des Missions Étrangeres (The society of foreign missionaries) claims that up until the year of 1841, 450 000 Vietnamese had changed their religion to Christianity. However, those statistics arent very reliable, because during the progress they might have killed twice as many people as that. Having said that, even up to today, Catholicism is the second most practised religion (after Buddhism) in Vietnam. Therefore there can be said that religion was one of the biggest influences the French had in Vietnam. Vietnamese moral and ethical values were mostly influenced by the Chinese and the French didnt have a great influence on Vietnamese ethics. The French might have brought in some Europeans habits, but the majority of the Vietnamese lived by Chinese ethics. The French also had a great impact on the Vietnamese economy. The French opened banks in Vietnam but only to the benefit of the French. Looking at the economic influences the French had on Vietnam there can be said it was a bad influence for Vietnamese people. The French also introduced a wine tax in 1817 and since the national drink of Vietnam was rice wine, this had a great impact on the Vietnamese people. They controlled the rice wine manufacture, distribution and sale in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. Local production was illegal. Salt was also very important product to the Vietnamese. In 1897 Governor General Paul Doumer also introduced a salt tax. Salt could only be purchased from French outlets with a price 10 times larger than its original price. The French also took opium from Asia and introduced it in Europe. They started trading and by 1929 the whole of Indochina was producing approximately 80 tonnes of opium yearly. All of these things influenced the economy because there was more trading and people had to pay a lot of taxes on things that were free before. Looking at all of these things there can be said that the French did have a negative influence on the Vietnamese economy. The French obviously had an effect on the Vietnamese government because they were ruling the Vietnamese. When they first arrived in Vietnam, they divided  it in three different parts called; Bac Ky (Tonkin), Trung Ky (Annam) and Nam Ky (Cochin china), so they could gain control over each part at a time. While the French were in Vietnam the emperor remained a figure head with no real power. He could practice his activities with his court and initiated laws, and conducted ceremonies as long as they didnt clash with the French policies and intentions. The French were in control over the government and therefore also the politics. As said before they introduced more taxes and with these taxes came new laws. According to the book: A short history of South east Asia by Church P., the Vietnamese imperial government had lost all capacity to control events. Another thing that changed while the French were in Vietnam was that the Vietnamese became more nationalistic. The Vietnamese wanted independence from the French and had a very nationalistic attitude. The French being in Vietnam also started guerrilla warfare. The Vietnamese stood up against the French. Guerrilla warfare isnt supported by the official military of the government but can be very organized. The French being in Vietnam flamed up their nationalistic aspirations. There can be concluded that the French had a huge impact and influence in Vietnam on all different aspects of live and the country. In conclusion from analyzing these different things there can be said that the French mainly had a negative influence in Vietnam. Bibliography: http://www.geocities.com/vietnamrp/french_influence.htm by Edward Terryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Vietnamhttp://www.asian-nation.org/vietnam-history.shtmlhttp://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/World-Leaders-2003/Vietnam-POLITICAL-BACKGROUND.htmlThomas Cantwell, Contested spaces Conflict in Indochina. McGraw Hill education, first edition 2003, NSW. Church P. 2006, A short history of South East Asia, John Wiley Sons, Singapore.

EU Pharmacovigilance Legislation: An Overview

EU Pharmacovigilance Legislation: An Overview Susan Murphy As defined by the WHO, Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse reactions and other medicine related problems. Adverse effects are whereby medicines affect the body in an unintended and harmful way. Following on from this, the underlying objectives of EU pharmacovigilance legislation are to: prevent harm from adverse reactions in humans arising from the use of authorised medicinal products promote the safe and effective use of medicinal products, in particular through providing timely information about the safety of medicinal products to patients, healthcare professionals and the public. Pharmacovigilance is therefore an activity contributing to the protection of both patients and public health [1]. When a new medicine obtains marketing authorization (MA), the active substance has been tested and it has been concluded that the benefits of this new medicine outweigh the risks. There is a limited amount of information available after clinical trials so the decision to give MA is effectively a trade off between making a new medicine available as early as possible and waiting until as much as possible is know about the medicine. For testing, several hundreds or thousands of carefully selected patients will have participated in clinical trials. These trials take place under controlled conditions. However, once MA has been obtained, the medicine will now be used in normal healthcare settings where there will be many patients who may differ from those used in the population study (eg age difference, may be using other drugs, have disease interactions. and also there will be longer term effects of using the new medicine). So it is imperative to identify these new or changing risks as quickly as possible to take measures to minimize the risks to patients. [2] For companys there is a legal obligation to continuously collect data and conduct pharmacovigilance regarding any possible change to the risk-benefit balance of taking such a medicine. In this regard, pharmacovigilance regulation seeks to protect the public from emerging safety issues by monitoring the product throughout its lifetime so that it is safe and effective to use. The 2012 EU Pharmacovigilance Legislation [3] New legislation regarding pharmacovigilance came into effect in July 2012. This was the biggest change to the regulation of human medicines since 1995. Based on evidence that adverse drug reactions caused approx 197,000 deaths per year in the EU, the EC began a review of the European system of safety monitoring (an independent study with extensive public consultation) This resulted in a 2010 directive and regulation, Directive 2010/84/EU Regulation (EU) No 1235/2012 which amended the existing pharmacovigilance laws 2001/83/EC and regulation (EC) No. 726/2004. This was accompanied by the implementation regulation published in June 2012 which provided operational aspects for the new legislation (no 520/2012 19th June 2012) A further amendment was carried out in Oct 2012 following a review of the withdrawal of the medicine Mediator (benfluorex) a diabetes drug with a coronary side effect, where it was felt that the risk now outweighed the limited benefit. The amendments aimed to further protect the patients health by allowing prompt notification and assessment of patient issues. The aim of the legislation was to reduce the number of Adverse Drug reactions via Collecting data on the effects of a given medicine from a wider net Rapid and robust assessment of issues Effective regulatory action to deliver safe and effective use of medicines Better patient involvement through feedback and reporting More transparency on the effects and safety of medicines concerned For MA applicants and holders the new legislation would: Makes their roles and responsibilities clear Minimize duplication of effort Free up resources by rationalizing and simplifying reporting on safety issues Clear legal framework for post authorisation modifying In short, the main aim of the legislation was to reduce the human and financial cost burden of adverse drug reactions, to strengthen patient involvement in monitoring medicines and to make the public strongly aware of the risk-benefit nature of taking medicines. New Concepts introduced in the 2012 Pharmacovigilance Legislation The concept of additional monitoring and the black symbol were introduced by the new EU laws on the safety-monitoring of medicines, (called the pharmacovigilance legislation,) which started to come into effect in 2012. Any new medicine authorised after 1 September 2013 that is subject to additional monitoring must display the black symbol in the package leaflet and the summary of product characteristics when it is placed on the EU market. Also any educational materials relating to this medicine should indicate its additional monitoring status. The legislation affects medicines authorised in the EU after 1 January 2011. Due to this, a transition period for medicines authorised between January 2011 and August 2013 was allowed whilst companies their updated packaging and gradually phased in the new leaflets. Medicines under additional monitoring [4] This is a new process to label medicines that are being monitored closely by the regulatory authorities. A solid black upside down triangle displayed on the package leaflet and information for healthcare professionals indicates that the medicine is undergoing additional monitoring. The symbol started to appear in late 2013. A medicine may be subject to additional monitoring because Not as much data is available with this medicine Less information is available on the long term impact of using this medicine Does not imply that the medicine is unsafe. This label is now always applied for: Any new API authorized after Jan 2011 Any biological medicine authorized after Jan 2011 For medicines authorised under exceptional circumstances If there are rare side effects seen during the trial or long term usage effects which warrant more information gathering. A medicine subject to such monitoring, can remain on the Medicines subject to additional monitoring list published by the EMA for up to 5 years. Why are medicines monitored after approval? Marketing approval is granted to medicines on the basis of clinical trial results. These consist of a small number of patients trialled under controlled conditions over a relatively short period of time. In real life, however a more diverse group of people will use the medicine and there may be different interactions plus the effects of longer term use. To take any rare or long term side effects which may then come to light into account, it is vital to continue to monitor the safety of all medicines whilst they are in commercial use. Information is continuously collected after a medicine is placed on the market to monitor real-life experience with the product. European regulatory authorities closely monitor this information to make sure that the benefits of medicines continue to outweigh their risks. Standardised monitoring methods are used across the EU so that information can be effectively shared by the member states regulatory authorities. This provides a wealth of knowledge for regulators to rely upon when making decisions, and enables a rapid response when required, such as providing warnings about the medicine or restricting its usage. Reporting side effects Reporting suspected side effects is an important way to gather more information on medicines on the market. Regulatory authorities look at reports of side effects alongside all the information they already have to make sure that the benefits of medicines remain greater than their risks and to take any necessary action. Patients and healthcare professionals are encouraged to report suspected side effects seen with any medicine. Under the new pharmacovigilance legislation, patients have the right to report suspected side effects directly to the national medicines regulatory authorities in their country if they wish. The onus is on the company to provide information on how to do this on their package leaflet. The black triangle makes it possible to quickly identify medicines that are subject to additional monitoring, encouraging end users to feed back any adverse effects .This allows new data to be analysed in a rapid and robust manner. [5] Update on effect of 2012 Pharmacovigilance Legislation A report published in 2014 summarised the key effects of introducing the new legislation [6]. The most notable of these were (during the reporting period 2012-2013) Adverse Drug reaction reporting has increased by > 175,000 more individual case safety reports > 9,000 more patient reports Label Changes from more that 47% of signals reported By August 2013 119 medicines were listed under additional monitoring list. Major public health reviews have been initiated on combined hormonal contraceptives, codeine-containing products and tetrazepam to name but a few. Better information is now available via the agencys website for therapeutic decision making Conclusion The aim of the Pharmacovigilance legislation is to enhance patient care and safety with regard to medicines and to support public health programs by providing balanced reliable information. Real life use of medicines only happens once professionals begin to prescribe or dispense. It is vital that the safety of all medicines is monitored throughout their lifetime. Adverse drug reactions account for 5% of all hospital admissions and are the 5th most common cause of hospital death. For EU citizens, the goal of the new pharmacovigilance legislation is to Strengthen patient involvement in the monitoring of medicines. This allows for continuous feedback on the effects of taking medicines through its lifecyle and consequently rapid and robust assessment of issues. Reduce the burden of ADRs Inform and engage citizens on the risk/benefit aspect of taking medicines. Full implementation is expected to save between 500 and 5000 lives a year with a cost saving to society of between â‚ ¬250million and â‚ ¬2.5billion per year [7]. There is concrete evidence that the new legislation is bringing about changes that will lead to improvement in public health. This is demonstrated by greater clarity on the roles and responsibilities for the parties involved in pharmacovigilance (MA applicants and holders, EMA, EU and member state regulatory authorities) and also greater transparency on medicine safety for the patient. This serves to increase the understanding and trust of both patients and healthcare workers on the safe and effective use of medicines in the EU[6]. References [1]Â  http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Other/2014/09/WC500172403.pdf [2] EMA Pharmacoviglience 2013 23/03/2013 NC50010423.pdf [3]http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/special_topics/general/general_content_000491.jspmid=WC0b01ac058058f32d [4]http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Other/2013/04/WC500142430.pdf [5]http://www.ema.europa.eu (Medicines under additional monitoring) [6]Â  http://ec.europa.eu/health/files/pharmacovigilance/2014_ema_oneyear_pharmacov_en.pdf [7]Â  http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Presentation/2013/01/WC500137839.pdf

Free Essays - A Dysfunctional Henry in A Farewell to Arms :: Farewell Arms Essays

A Dysfunctional Henry in A Farewell to Arms In Ernest Hemmingway's A Farewell to Arms, the protagonist, Frederic Henry is both dysfunctional and tragic. Throughout the story Henry lives up to this description of shear tragedy and dysfunction. The main elements that aid in making him both tragic and dysfunctional are: the fact that the love he and Catherine shared at the end of the book was doomed, this love was only "role-playing" to him at first, and he went AWOL on the Italian army. The first detail that contributes to making Henry a dysfunctional character is that he uses role-playing as a way of escaping the realization of the human mortality which is unveiled by the war. This role-playing begins on Henry and Catherine's third encounter. After this meeting the two become increasingly comfortable with their roles. It is as if their whole relationship is a "game". Neither one of them mistakes role-playing for a truly intimate relationship, but both recognize that it can be a useful device for satisfying certain emotional needs. This role-playing is a very dysfunctional characteristic of Frederic Henry. The second point that makes Henry a dysfunctional character is that he deserted the Italian army. Not only was this illegal but it could have cost him his life. Henry, although an American, had made a commitment to the Italian army, to protect and serve Italy. This characteristic alone is enough to make one dysfunctional, as it does to Henry. In addition to being a dysfunctional character, Henry is also a tragic character. Catherine is pure tragedy. Although the relationship that the love that Henry gains for Frederic and Catherine had started out to be only role-playing it turned into something much more, it became true love. This love was more than could be explained in words. Their love during an ugly war was not to be recreated or modeled even as much as through a baby conceived by their love. The baby could not be born alive because their love was beautiful yet doomed so that nothing could come out of it. "In a world where the abstracts of glory, honor, and sacrifice meant little to Frederic, his physical association with Catherine was the only thing he had and it was taken away from him long before she died.

Comparing the Childhood and the Present Life

In the course of growing and becoming adult all people change their habits, points of view, interests and their appearances. But all people vary in different ways: some people deviate just in their appearance and don’t change their habits at all, but the others change absolutely all in themselves. Nevertheless there is one thing that we can’t change during all our life, this thing is our memory. Things that are learned early in life are the hardest to change or unlearn.Early conceptions of the world, even if lost to consciousness, remain a part of our memory and may influence our behaviors in some very interesting ways. For example when I was a child I attempted to explain and make sense of my world in terms of my experience. By the very nature of my limited number of years, my experience was not very wide or deep. My interpretations of the world, why things happened, were extremely limited and often very inaccurate. All things were divided by me into two groups: black and white or bad and good.I didn’t understand why my parents scolded me and why they forbade me different things that I wanted to do. And all what I had to do was discover the world around me. However when I became a teenager, things were starting to look more difficult. I left my toys behind and started looking for my own personality. I formed my main aims that I wanted to achieve in the future. And now I’ve turned 18, and I bet I could fill the entire paper with stories about what I used to be like, odd habits, that I dropped and so forth.Now I’m considered an adult. Of course I’ll continue to learn and experience new things, but the essence of my character won’t change. Hence, I should develop myself to become successful and outstanding person. Apart from the habits and the behavior I have changed outwardly. Earlier I had a round face with smooth and tan skin, with distinked eyes, with dimples, and without any wrinkles on my forehead. But now I can say that my face is more oval, and in general i’ve become well-build and broad-shouldered!!

Theory of Mercantilism

Theory of Mercantilism Most of the European economists who wrote between 1500 and 1750 are today generally considered mercantilists; this term was initially used solely by critics, such as Mirabeau and Smith, but was quickly adopted by historians. Originally the standard English term was â€Å"mercantile system†. The word â€Å"mercantilism† was introduced into English from German in the early 19th century. The bulk of what is commonly called â€Å"mercantilist literature† appeared in the 1620s in Great Britain. 6] Smith saw English merchant Thomas Mun (1571–1641) as a major creator of the mercantile system, especially in his posthumously published Treasure by Foreign Trade (1664), which Smith considered the archetype or manifesto of the movement. [7] Perhaps the last major mercantilist work was James Steuart’s Principles of Political Economy published in 1767. [8] â€Å"Mercantilist literature† also extended beyond England. For example, Ital y, France, and Spain produced noted writers of mercantilist themes including Italy's Giovanni Botero (1544–1617) and Antonio Serra (1580-? ; France's, Jean Bodin, Colbert and other physiocrats. Themes also existed in writers from the German historical school from List, as well as followers of the â€Å"American system† and British â€Å"free-trade imperialism,† thus stretching the system into the 19th century. However, many British writers, including Mun and Misselden, were merchants, while many of the writers from other countries were public officials. Beyond mercantilism as a way of understanding the wealth and power of nations, Mun and Misselden are noted for their viewpoints on a wide range of economic matters. [9] Merchants in VeniceThe Austrian lawyer and scholar Philipp Wilhelm von Hornick, in his Austria Over All, If She Only Will of 1684, detailed a nine-point program of what he deemed effective national economy, which sums up the tenets of mercantilism comprehensively:[10] That every inch of a country's soil be utilized for agriculture, mining or manufacturing. That all raw materials found in a country be used in domestic manufacture, since finished goods have a higher value than raw materials. That a large, working population be encouraged. That all export of gold and silver be prohibited and all domestic money be kept in circulation.That all imports of foreign goods be discouraged as much as possible. That where certain imports are indispensable they be obtained at first hand, in exchange for other domestic goods instead of gold and silver. That as much as possible, imports be confined to raw materials that can be finished [in the home country]. That opportunities be constantly sought for selling a country's surplus manufactures to foreigners, so far as necessary, for gold and silver. That no importation be allowed if such goods are sufficiently and suitably supplied at home.Other than Von Hornick, there were no mercantilist wr iters presenting an overarching scheme for the ideal economy, as Adam Smith would later do for classical economics. Rather, each mercantilist writer tended to focus on a single area of the economy. [11] Only later did non-mercantilist scholars integrate these â€Å"diverse† ideas into what they called mercantilism. Some scholars thus reject the idea of mercantilism completely, arguing that it gives â€Å"a false unity to disparate events†. Smith saw the mercantile system as an enormous conspiracy by manufacturers and merchants against consumers, a view that has led some authors, especially Robert E.Ekelund and Robert D. Tollison to call mercantilism â€Å"a rent-seeking society†. To a certain extent, mercantilist doctrine itself made a general theory of economics impossible. Mercantilists viewed the economic system as a zero-sum game, in which any gain by one party required a loss by another. [12] Thus, any system of policies that benefited one group would by de finition harm the other, and there was no possibility of economics being used to maximize the â€Å"commonwealth†, or common good. [13] Mercantilists' writings were also generally created to rationalize particular practices rather than as investigations into the best policies. 14] Mercantilist domestic policy was more fragmented than its trade policy. While Adam Smith portrayed mercantilism as supportive of strict controls over the economy, many mercantilists disagreed. The early modern era was one of letters patent and government-imposed monopolies; some mercantilists supported these, but others acknowledged the corruption and inefficiency of such systems. Many mercantilists also realized that the inevitable results of quotas and price ceilings were black markets.One notion mercantilists widely agreed upon was the need for economic oppression of the working population; laborers and farmers were to live at the â€Å"margins of subsistence†. The goal was to maximize pro duction, with no concern for consumption. Extra money, free time, or education for the â€Å"lower classes† was seen to inevitably lead to vice and laziness, and would result in harm to the economy. [15] Infinite growth The mercantilists saw a large population as a form of wealth which made possible the development of bigger markets and armies. The opposing doctrine of physiocracy predicted that mankind would outgrow its resources.Origins Scholars debate over why mercantilism dominated economic ideology for 250 years. [16] One group, represented by Jacob Viner, argues that mercantilism was simply a straightforward, common-sense system whose logical fallacies could not be discovered by the people of the time, as they simply lacked the required analytical tools. The second school, supported by scholars such as Robert B. Ekelund, contends that mercantilism was not a mistake, but rather the best possible system for those who developed it. This school argues that mercantilist poli cies were developed and enforced by rent-seeking merchants and governments.Merchants benefited greatly from the enforced monopolies, bans on foreign competition, and poverty of the workers. Governments benefited from the high tariffs and payments from the merchants. Whereas later economic ideas were often developed by academics and philosophers, almost all mercantilist writers were merchants or government officials. [17] Monetarism offers a third explanation for mercantilism. European trade exported bullion to pay for goods from Asia, thus reducing the money supply and putting downward pressure on prices and economic activity.The evidence for this hypothesis is the lack of inflation in the English economy until the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars when paper money was extensively used. A fourth explanation lies in the increasing professionalisation and technification of the wars of the era, which turned the maintenance of adequate reserve funds (in the prospect of war) into a more and more expensive and eventually competitive business. Mercantilism developed at a time when the European economy was in transition. Isolated feudal estates were being replaced by centralized nation-states as the focus of power.Technological changes in shipping and the growth of urban centres led to a rapid increase in international trade. [18] Mercantilism focused on how this trade could best aid the states. Another important change was the introduction of double-entry bookkeeping and modern accounting. This accounting made extremely clear the inflow and outflow of trade, contributing to the close scrutiny given to the balance of trade. [19] Of course, the impact of the discovery of America cannot be ignored. New markets and new mines propelled foreign trade to previously inconceivable heights.The latter led to â€Å"the great upward movement in prices† and an increase in â€Å"the volume of merchant activity itself. †[20] Prior to mercantilism, the most important ec onomic work done in Europe was by the medieval scholastic theorists. The goal of these thinkers was to find an economic system that was compatible with Christian doctrines of piety and justice. They focused mainly on microeconomics and local exchanges between individuals. Mercantilism was closely aligned with the other theories and ideas that were replacing the medieval worldview.This period saw the adoption of the very Machiavellian realpolitik and the primacy of the raison d'etat in international relations. The mercantilist idea that all trade was a zero sum game, in which each side was trying to best the other in a ruthless competition, was integrated into the works of Thomas Hobbes. The dark view of human nature also fit well with the Puritan view of the world, and some of the most stridently mercantilist legislation, such as the Navigation Acts, were enacted by the government of Oliver Cromwell. [21] PoliciesFrench finance minister and mercantilist Jean-Baptiste Colbert served for over 20 years. Mercantilist ideas were the dominant economic ideology of all of Europe in the early modern period, and most states embraced it to a certain degree. Mercantilism was centred in England and France, and it was in these states that mercantilist polices were most often enacted. France Mercantilism arose in France in the early 16th century, soon after the monarchy had become the dominant force in French politics. In 1539, an important decree banned the importation of woolen goods from Spain and some parts of Flanders.The next year, a number of restrictions were imposed on the export of bullion. [22] Over the rest of the sixteenth century further protectionist measures were introduced. The height of French mercantilism is closely associated with Jean-Baptiste Colbert, finance minister for 22 years in the 17th century, to the extent that French mercantilism is sometimes called Colbertism. Under Colbert, the French government became deeply involved in the economy in order to increase exports. Protectionist policies were enacted that limited imports and favored exports.Industries were organized into guilds and monopolies, and production was regulated by the state through a series of over a thousand directives outlining how different products should be produced. [23] To encourage industry, foreign artisans and craftsmen were imported. Colbert also worked to decrease internal barriers to trade, reducing internal tariffs and building an extensive network of roads and canals. Colbert's policies were quite successful, and France's industrial output and economy grew considerably during this period, as France became the dominant European power.He was less successful in turning France into a major trading power, and Britain and the Netherlands remained supreme in this field. [23] Great Britain In England, mercantilism reached its peak during the 1340-1789 Long Parliament government (1640–1660). Mercantilist policies were also embraced throughout much of the Tudor and Stuart periods, with Robert Walpole being another major proponent. In Britain, government control over the domestic economy was far less extensive than on the Continent, limited by common law and the steadily increasing power of Parliament. 24] Government-controlled monopolies were common, especially before the English Civil War, but were often controversial. [25] The Anglo-Dutch Wars were fought between the English and the Dutch for control over the seas and trade routes. With respect to its colonies, British mercantilism meant that the government and the merchants became partners with the goal of increasing political power and private wealth, to the exclusion of other empires. The government protected its merchants—and kept others out—by trade barriers, regulations, and subsidies to domestic industries in order to maximize exports from and minimize imports to the realm.The government had to fight smuggling—which became a favorite American tech nique in the 18th century to circumvent the restrictions on trading with the French, Spanish or Dutch. The goal of mercantilism was to run trade surpluses, so that gold and silver would pour into London. The government took its share through duties and taxes, with the remainder going to merchants in Britain. The government spent much of its revenue on a superb Royal Navy, which not only protected the British colonies but threatened the colonies of the other empires, and sometimes seized them. Thus the British Navy captured New Amsterdam (New York) in 1664.The colonies were captive markets for British industry, and the goal was to enrich the mother country. [26] British mercantilist writers were themselves divided on whether domestic controls were necessary. British mercantilism thus mainly took the form of efforts to control trade. A wide array of regulations was put in place to encourage exports and discourage imports. Tariffs were placed on imports and bounties given for exports, and the export of some raw materials was banned completely. The Navigation Acts expelled foreign merchants from England's domestic trade.The nation aggressively sought colonies and once under British control, regulations were imposed that allowed the colony to only produce raw materials and to only trade with Britain. This led to friction with the inhabitants of these colonies, and mercantilist policies (such as forbidding trade with other empires and controls over smuggling) were a major irritant leading to the American Revolution. Over all, however, mercantilist policies had a positive impact on Britain helping turn it into the world's dominant trader, and an international superpower[citation needed].One domestic policy that had a lasting impact was the conversion of â€Å"waste lands† to agricultural use. Mercantilists felt that to maximize a nation's power all land and resources had to be used to their utmost, and this era thus saw projects like the draining of The Fens. [27] Mercantilism helped create trade patterns such as the triangular trade in the North Atlantic, in which raw materials were imported to the metropolis and then processed and redistributed to other colonies. Other countries The other nations of Europe also embraced mercantilism to varying degrees.The Netherlands, which had become the financial centre of Europe by being its most efficient trader, had little interest in seeing trade restricted and adopted few mercantilist policies. Mercantilism became prominent in Central Europe and Scandinavia after the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), with Christina of Sweden, Jacob Kettler of Courland, Christian IV of Denmark being notable proponents. The Habsburg Holy Roman Emperors had long been interested in mercantilist policies, but the vast and decentralized nature of their empire made implementing such notions difficult.Some constituent states of the empire did embrace Mercantilism, most notably Prussia, which under Frederick the Grea t had perhaps the most rigidly controlled economy in Europe. During the economic collapse of the seventeenth century Spain had little coherent economic policy, but French mercantilist policies were imported by Philip V with some success. Russia under Peter I (Peter the Great) attempted to pursue mercantilism, but had little success because of Russia's lack of a large merchant class or an industrial base.Wars and imperialism Mercantilism was economic warfare and was well suited to an era of military warfare. [28] Since the level of world trade was viewed as fixed, it followed that the only way to increase a nation's trade was to take it from another. A number of wars, most notably the Anglo-Dutch Wars and the Franco-Dutch Wars, can be linked directly to mercantilist theories. Most wars had other causes but they reinforced mercantilism by clearly defining the enemy, and justified damage to the enemy's economy.Mercantilism fueled the imperialism of this era, as many nations expended si gnificant effort to build new colonies that would be sources of gold (as in Mexico) or sugar (as in the West Indies), as well as becoming exclusive markets. European power spread around the globe, often under the aegis of companies with government-guaranteed monopolies in certain defined geographical regions, such as the Dutch East India Company or the British Hudson's Bay Company (operating in present-day Canada).

“Macbeth” and “Brave New World” Comparison Essay Essay

Freedom and individualism are a significant component of contemporary society, however there are many parts of the world where these basic human rights are not granted. The lack of these basic rights are clearly demonstrated in the novel Brave New World by Aldous Huxley and the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare. The leaders of many societies are willing to sacrifice innocent lives in order for society to function according to their visions. Many leaders are willing to sacrifice the freedom of the people in order for society to run the way they want. Furthermore, even the individuals making up the society are quite willing to sacrifice their souls in order to live in an imaginary world. As long as they perceive happiness to be present they are very content to live there. To live in the utopian imaginary worlds of Brave New World and Macbeth, freedom and individuality are often sacrificed. Sacrifice is often a necessity when attempting to create utopian societies. However, these sacrifices are not enough to convince every individual within the society. One of these individuals is Bernard, who was going to be exiled to Iceland by the director, because he does not believe in the society that individuals after Ford believed in. Even though Bernard was conditioned when he was a child, he could not accept what all the other individuals believed. Unlike the other individuals, Bernard has stunted growth and often felt isolated from the rest of society. Further alienating Bernard from the rest of society is his rejection of the promiscuous nature present in his society. He also exhibits the various characteristics of men who existed before Ford. Bernard Marx did not believe in the everyone belonged to everyone theme that was the norm in Fords society. The director wanted to exile Bernard Marx because he did not believe in the society that the director was enforcing. However, Bernard felt strong enough to meet and overcome affliction, strong enough to face even Iceland. (Huxley 106). This mentality was one of the many factors which set Bernard apart from the rest of society. Another man who sets himself apart from society is Macbeth. He plots and succeeds in killing King Duncan after hearing the witchs prophecies.  Macbeths reasons for killing King Duncan are numerous but most striking are greed and an unrelenting desire to become King. He also wants to make sure that he runs the country as he saw fit. Macbeth allows the prophecies to control him and his internal struggle is demonstrated by: This supernatural soliciting Cannot be ill; cannot be good: if ill why hath it given me earnest of success (Shakespeare 27). Despite his initial reluctance, he quiets his conscience leading to the brutal murder of King Duncan. I have done the deed (Shakespeare 70). Both stories show similarity between the Director and Macbeth, who are willing to sacrifice innocent lives to obtain the society they want. Wanting and achieving the society that is envisioned is always paralleled with loss and some sort of sacrifice. Bernard Marx sacrifices the little respect that he has by bringing John Savage back to the utopian society. Bernard and John both want the society to be more independent. Fortunately for Bernard and unfortunately for the director, society accepts John and questions their own lifestyle. Bernard believes that life should be exactly the same as John wants it to be I dont want comfort. I want God, I want poetry, I want real danger, I want freedom, I want goodness, I want sin.(Huxley 237) Bernard took a huge risk in bringing John back to his society because he was risking definite exile to Iceland had society rejected John. Macbeth sacrifices his peace of mind and self-respect by killing Banquo and trying to kill Banquos son Fleance. At the feast Macbeth makes a fool of himself by talking to the imaginary ghost of Banquo. Blood hath been shed now, I the olden time, Ere human statute purged the gentle weal; Ay, and since too, muders have been performed Too terrible for the ear: the time has been, That when the brains were out, the man would die, And there an end: but now, they rise again, With twenty mortal murders on their crowns, And push us from our stools: this is more strange Than such a murder is.(Shakespeare 145)Many individuals take note of Macbeths strange behavior leading them to suspect him of some foul deed. Unfortunately for Macbeth, Macduff realizes that Macbeth is the true murderer. This realization leads to the eventual killing of Macbeth. This illustrates Macbeths sacrifice of his self respect and his life in order to fulfill his  prophecy. Many individuals are willing to sacrifice their souls in order to become part of the imaginary world where only happiness exists. John Savages mother, Linda, sacrifices her life by taking too much of a drug referred to as soma. Linda wants to get away from the real world and enter a world of happiness. Ever since she had a child with the Director her life changed for the worse. So the best people were quite determined not to see Linda. And Linda, for her part, had no desire to see them. The return to civilization was for her the return to soma, was the possibility of lying in bed and taking holiday after holiday, without ever having to come back to a headache or a fit of vomiting, without ever being made to feel as you always felt after peyotl, as though you’d done something so shamefully anti-social that you could never hold up your head again. Soma played none of these unpleasant tricks. The holiday it gave was perfect and, if the morning after was disagreeable, it was so, not intrinsically, but only by comparison with the joys of the holiday. The remedy was to make the holiday continuous. Greedily she clamoured for ever larger, ever more frequent doses. Dr. Shaw at first demurred; then let her have what she wanted. She took as much as twenty grammes a day (Huxley 107)Lenina introduces the drug to Linda as soon as Linda enters the world after Ford. Linda looses her life and dies at the hospital because of an overdose of soma, the drug that is supposed to provide happiness. Lady Macbeth also sacrifices her peace of mind and eventually her life so that Macbeth could be King. Lady Macbeth sets up the killing of King Duncan at the beginning of the novel. Throughout the novel, Lady Macbeth becomes involved in many of the murders committed by Macbeth. Unfortunately Lady Macbeth experiences a sleepwalking illness with recurring nightmares of the murder of King Duncan that could not be resolved. This disease is beyond my practice: yet I have known those which have walked in their sleep who have died holily in their beds.(Shakespeare 213). The lives of Linda and Lady Macbeth can also be viewed as victims of the utopian societies envisioned by the director and Macbeth. Freedom and individuality are sacrificed throughout Brave New World and  Macbeth in order to achieve the societies envisioned by the director and Macbeth. The director tried to exile Bernard just because Bernard did not accept the norm of the utopian society. Macbeth kills King Duncan after hearing the witchs prophecies of him being King so that he can run society the way he wants. Bernard sacrifices his respect by bringing John Savage back home. Macbeth also sacrifices his respect when he talks to the ghost of Banquo. Linda puts her soul on the line with an overdose of a drug called soma. Lady Macbeth also sacrifices her life in order for Macbeth to be King of Scotland. Many individuals throughout Brave New World and Macbeth sacrifice their freedom and individualism for the society that they believed in, even if it was not the society that was accepted by the majority of people. Bibliography Shakespeare, William, Date Modified: 1999, MacbethHuxley, Aldous, Date Modified: 1979, Brave New World

The democratization and personalization of the media Essay

The democratization and personalization of the media - Essay Example He's also a fanatic user of the WEB. Aside from using the WEB for his job for current events from local to abroad, he uses it also for his personal purposes. According to him, its "one of the fantastic form of media. A great source of information as well as disinformation. It is like an online library where you can access everything that you want to know. Everything that is relevant to my job like newspapers, journals, and books are all in the Web without actually visiting the library. And find it very comfortable and effective." Nowadays, the web hit the bigtime, everyone got online, everyone got high-speed access at work, and make technology know-how unnecessary. The information on the World Wide Web can be accessed and searched through the Internet, a global computer network.The amount of information on the Web continues to grow rapidly, it offers different services, in online commerce, the Web is replacing traditional catalog for ordering in just a mouse click. Users form a cross-section of society, including students preparing term papers, physicians researching the latest medical information, and college applicants investigating campuses or even filling out application and financial aid forms online. Other users include investors examining the trading history of a company's stock or evaluating data on various commodities and mutual funds. All the necessary information is available on the Web. b. How the web influences personal relationships "You've Got Mail!" I'm actually excited when receiving mails from my listeners and give comments about a certain topic." He makes discussion with them through e-mail and sometimes blogging his ideas in different forum in regards to current issues like love, education especially in politics. The web truly influences him when in comes to personal relationships as he is a happy married man. He contributes his so-called "loving-ideas" in forum area and share different ideas and opinions on "how to have a happy married life". Web offers e-mail, web blogs and chat rooms. These are accessible by many web users. It is designed to make a easy communication, it allows the users to post and read messages as well as personal messages that makes people to share ideas in certain discussion. c. How the web influences the enjoyment or happiness "During my rest hours and after work I used to listen to my favorite and top music I downloaded from the Internet. It's so relaxing". Sometimes I watch videos featuring a documentary and historical videos from the past. I really enjoy it." Web is a source of music and video. It provides multimedia such as audio and video. Mr. Buting is very proud to present his latest video captured from the Web that features the